[42] Within a personalist regime an issue called "The dictators dilemma" arises. Nigeria - 1966 to 1975 - Yakubu Gowon. Today, they are "elected," as true democracies helplessly look on . [80] Italian dictator Benito Mussolini seized power in 1922, and began implementing reforms in 1925 to create the first fascist dictatorship. Dictatorships have shallow levels of freedom. [87], The decolonisation of Africa prompted the creation of new governments, many of which became dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. Charles Taylor Country: Liberia Charles McArthur Ghanakay Taylor's life story is akin to that of a movie. The type of dictatorship a country is ruled by typically comes down to the methods the dictator used to obtain power and how they go about maintaining it. 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China's constitution calls its government a "people's democratic dictatorship." Repression can encompass actual or threatened physical violence such as arrests, assassinations, torture, beatings, disappearances, mass killings, and forced exile. [149] Military and one-party dictatorships are more likely to experience terrorism than personalist dictatorships, as these regimes are under more pressure to undergo institutional change in response to terrorism.[150]. Another controversial dictator is General Augusto Pinochet (1915-2006) of Chile. [9], Gugiu & Centellas developed the Democracy Cluster Classification Index that integrates five democracy indicators (including the DD dataset, Polity dataset), clustering 24 American and 39 European regimes over 30 years.[2]. They are more likely to end in violence and less likely to democratize than other forms of dictatorship. [131] A military coup is often carried out when a regime is threatening the country's stability or during periods of societal unrest. They are ruled by one-party or military dictatorships, religious hierarchies, or autocrats. [31], Personalist dictatorships are regimes in which all power lies in the hands of a single individual. In addition to executive authority, Putin also holds judicial and legislative power, which enables him to change the law to fit his agenda. When necessary, a dictator may also make an effort to replace or amend the nation's constitution to empower, enrich, or otherwise benefit the dictator and his/her allies to a greater degree. Obiang's regime is known for state-sanctioned kidnappings, torture of prisoners, and unlawful killings. The totalitarian dictatorship in the People's Republic of China , from 1949 to the present. 1. President Vladimir Putin is currently serving his fourth term as President of Russia. On average, they last twice as long as military dictatorships, but not as long as one-party dictatorships. [128]. In the United Kingdom, for example, the chief executive is the prime minister, and the ministers are the heads of the executive departments, which together compose the government. This was replaced by a trend of developing a positive public image to maintain support among the populace and moderating rhetoric to integrate with the global community. The People's Republic of China is currently ruled by President Xi Jinping, who also serves as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, the country's Vice President, the President of the Central Party School, and the 1st ranked member of the CPC Politburo Standing Committee. [126] In particular, censorship by dictatorships helps solidify claims of legitimacy and marginalize the voices of opposition critics. [61] In Europe, the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell, formed in 1649 after the Second English Civil War, has been described as a military dictatorship by its contemporary opponents and by some modern academics. Political control is any tactic through which the state seeks to gain compliance from society. Kim Jong-Il (1.6 million deaths) Kim Jong-il in 2010. Kim Il-Sung The first leader of the North Korean dictatorship from 1948 until 1994, he established North Korea as a communist state. The Portuguese were present in some mostly coastal points of the territory of what is now Angola from the 16th century, interacting in diverse ways with the peoples who lived there. The number of countries ruled by military dictatorships began to fall sharply after the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s. [92] Deng Xiaoping took power as the de facto leader of China after Mao's death and implemented reforms to restore stability following the Cultural Revolution and reestablish free market economics. The Soviet economy became unsustainable, and communist governments lost the support of intellectuals. Under this system, there are three types of dictatorships. [14], Unless they have undertaken a self-coup, those seizing power typically have little governmental experience and do not have a detailed policy plan in advance. While Thailand remains the world's last active military dictatorship, other notable examples of modern countries with histories of military rule include: Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Greece. Whether or not Putin is a dictator is a matter of some debate. The chief executive can take many names including chancellor, prime minister, or premier and the heads of the executive departments can bear different names and be called different things. [95] A similar phenomenon took place in Korea, where Kim Il-sung created a Soviet-backed communist dictatorship in North Korea[96] and Syngman Rhee created a US-backed nationalist dictatorship in South Korea. In democracies, the threat of a military coup is associated with the period immediately after a democracy's creation but prior to large-scale military reforms. There are currently 22 dictators in Africa, some worse than others. A dictatorship is a form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, which holds governmental powers with few to no limitations on them. [148], Institutions that coerce the opposition through the use of violence may serve different roles or they may be used to counterbalance one another in order to prevent one institution from becoming too powerful. [115], The Middle East and Northern Africa did not undergo liberalization during the third wave of democratisation, and most countries in this region remain dictatorships in the 21st century. [43] This idea references the heavy reliance on repression of the public in order to stay in power, which creates incentives for all constituents to falsify their preferences, which does not allow for the dictator to know the genuine popular beliefs or his realistic measure of societal support. This world dictators list has everyone from Adolf Hitler to Kim Jong Un to many lesser-known rulers. The authors acknowledged that the last rule is more complicated to implement, but stated that it helps researchers to control potential errors and removes subjective judgement from the classification. Malcolm Congal Aidan Julian Haldane, 23rd king of Gwynedd, reigned 1025 to 1074. This violence is frequently exercised through institutions such as military or police forces. Sudan - 1989 to 2019 - Omar al-Bashir. However, many people in long-running dictatorships such as North Korea and Cameroon have never experienced anything else, so living in a dictatorship is much less jarring and shocking to them. A semi-presidential (mixed) democracy has a government that needs the majority of support from a legislature to exist and whose head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term. the dictatorship of the proletariat had to be preserved in the socialist countries to assure that the reeducated minds of the workers already lucky enough to live under socialism were not re-infected by capitalist ideas coming in from outside the people's collectivist . Organizations that maintain moral authority with the public, such as the Church, are often the most targeted by infiltration. Some of the most famous dictators in history include Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, and Saddam Hussein. Accused of crimes against humanity, Saddam Hussein was sentenced to death in 2006. Brion Donal Cinhil Urien Haldane, 25th king of Gwynedd, reigned 1095 to 1120. Qatar - Sheikh Hamad Bin Jassim Bin Jabr Al-Thani Russia - Vladimir Putin, President of Russia Rwanda - Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda Saudi Arabia - King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz, King of Saudi Arabia Somalia - Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, President of Somalia South Sudan - Salva Kiir Mayardit, President [139], Most dictatorships hold elections to maintain legitimacy and stability, but these elections are typically uncompetitive and the opposition is not permitted to win. Perhaps someday some of these modern dictatorships will cast off their dictators and embrace a more democratic and inclusive form of government. Dictatorships seem much more extreme and unethical to people who enjoy the privilege of an outside perspective. [103], Military dictatorships remained prominent in Latin America during the Cold War, though the number of coups declined starting in the 1980s. Politics in a dictatorship are controlled by the dictator and facilitated through an inner circle of elites that include advisers, generals, and other high-ranking officials. [1]:70. Most of them are characterized by a single leader with either no party or one that is weak. [59] Shoguns were de facto military dictators in Japan beginning in 1185 and continuing for over six hundred years. [116] Dictatorships in the Middle East are primarily guided by Islamic nationalism. Many personalist regimes will install open ballots to protect their regimes and implement heavy security measures and censorship for those whose personal preferences do not align with the values of the leader. Chad. [64][65][66], Dictatorship developed as a major form of government in the 19th century, though the concept was not universally seen pejoratively at the time, with both a tyrannical concept and a quasi-constitutional concept of dictatorship understood to exist. [73], The first communist state was created by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks with the establishment of Soviet Russia during the Russian Revolution in 1917. [17] Between 1946 and 2010, 42% of dictatorships began by overthrowing a different dictatorship, and 26% began after achieving independence from a foreign government. This makes it distinct from constitutional monarchy and ceremonial monarchy. Examples might include King Cyrus the Great of Persia, who is thought to have created the first declaration of human rights, the Biblical King Solomon, Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, and Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Kwan Yue. He was also ranked 19th in Parade Magazine's Top 20 list of "The World's Worst Dictators". As the dictatorship becomes more established, it moves away from violence by resorting to the use of other coercive measures, such as restricting people's access to information and tracking the political opposition. In oligarchies, the threat of a military coup comes from the strength of the military weighed against the concessions made to the military. A personalist dictator will manage these appointees by segmenting the government so that they cannot collaborate. [11][12] He describes totalitarian regimes as exercising control over politics and political mobilization rather than merely suppressing it. Click to visit dictatorship | Definition, Characteristics, Countries Cinhil Aymeric Nygel Haldane, 22nd king of Gwynedd who shortly reigned in 1025. [49] In an absolute monarchy, power is limited to the royal family, and legitimacy is established by historical factors. The chief executive must be chosen by popular election or by a body that was itself popularly elected. Examples include the Personalist/Military dictatorship of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988 and the Single-Party/Military hybrid that controlled El Salvador from 1948 to 1984.