[16], The armed conflict in the country has had a very negative effect on women, especially by exposing them to gender-based violence. This definition is an obvious contradiction to Bergquists claim that Colombia is racially and culturally homogenous. The research is based on personal interviews, though whether these interviews can be considered oral histories is debatable. As did Farnsworth-Alvear, French and James are careful to remind the reader that subjects are not just informants but story tellers. The historian has to see the context in which the story is told. Womens identities are still closely tied to their roles as wives or mothers, and the term las floristeras (the florists) is used pejoratively, implying her loose sexual morals. Womens growing economic autonomy is still a threat to traditional values. The blue (right) represents the male Mars symbol. Many indigenous women were subject to slavery, rape and the loss of their cultural identity.[6]. Womens work in cottage-industry crafts is frequently viewed within the local culture as unskilled work, simply an extension of their domestic work and not something to be remunerated at wage rates used for men. This classification then justifies low pay, if any, for their work. Women also . . Cano is also mentioned only briefly in Urrutias text, one of few indicators of womens involvement in organized labor. Her name is like many others throughout the text: a name with a related significant fact or action but little other biographical or personal information. Episodes Clips The changing role of women in the 1950s Following the Second World War, more and more women had become dissatisfied with their traditional, homemaking roles. Drawing from her evidence, she makes two arguments: that changing understandings of femininity and masculinity shaped the way allactors understood the industrial workplace and that working women in Medelln lived gender not as an opposition between male and female but rather as a normative field marked by proper and improper ways of being female.. The Ceramics of Rquira, Colombia: Gender, Work, and Economic. Squaring the Circle: Womens Factory Labor, Gender Ideology, and Necessity. In The Gendered Worlds of Latin American Women Workers. fall back into the same mold as the earliest publications examined here. Labor Issues in Colombias Privatization: A, Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 34.S (1994): 237-259. andLpez-Alves, Fernando. In the 2000s, 55,8% of births were to cohabiting mothers, 22,9% to married mothers, and 21,3% to single mothers (not living with a partner). This distinction separates the work of Farnsworth-Alvear from that of Duncan, Bergquist, or Sowell. Duncan, Crafts, Capitalism, and Women, 101. https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/south-america-colombia-labor-union-human-rights-judicial-government-corruption-paramilitary-drug-violence-education. As did Farnsworth-Alvear, French and James are careful to remind the reader that subjects are not just informants but story tellers.. Women Working: Comparative Perspectives in Developing Areas. Policing womens interactions with their male co-workers had become an official part of a companys code of discipline. were, where they come from, or what their lives were like inside and outside of the workplace. Friedmann-Sanchez, Greta. Working in a factory was a different experience for men and women, something Farnsworth-Alvear is able to illuminate through her discussion of fighting in the workplace. What has not yet shifted are industry or national policies that might provide more support. Historians can also take a lesson from Duncan and not leave gender to be the work of women alone. Among men, it's Republicans who more often say they have been discriminated against because of their gender (20% compared with 14% of Democratic men). According to the National Statistics Department DANE the pandemic increased the poverty rate from 35.7% to 42.5%. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1997. Bergquist also says that the traditional approach to labor that divides it into the two categories, rural (peasant) or industrial (modern proletariat), is inappropriate for Latin America; a better categorization would be to discuss labors role within any export production. This emphasis reveals his work as focused on economic structures. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986. Indeed, as I searched for sources I found many about women in Colombia that had nothing to do with labor, and vice versa. This idea then is a challenge to the falsely dichotomized categories with which we have traditionally understood working class life such as masculine/feminine, home/work, east/west, or public/private., As Farnsworth-Alvear, Friedmann-Sanchez, and Duncans work shows, gender also opens a window to understanding womens and mens positions within Colombian society. Farnsworth-Alvear, Ann. There is plenty of material for comparative studies within the country, which will lead to a richer, broader, and more inclusive historiography for Colombia. These themes are discussed in more detail in later works by Luz G. Arango and then by Ann Farnsworth-Alvear, with different conclusions (discussed below). Eventhoug now a days there is sead to be that we have more liberty there are still some duties that certain genders have to make. Bergquist, Labor in Latin America, 318. The workers are undifferentiated masses perpetually referred to in generic terms: carpenters, tailors, and craftsmen.. It is true that the women who entered the workforce during World War II did, for the . Duncan, Ronald J. Required fields are marked *. In G. These narratives provide a textured who and why for the what of history. New York: Greenwood Press, 1989. Bolvar is narrowly interested in union organization, though he does move away from the masses of workers to describe two individual labor leaders. Duncan is dealing with a slightly different system, though using the same argument about a continuity of cultural and social stratification passed down from the Colonial era. In 1936, Mara Carulla founded the first school of social works under the support of the Our Lady of the Rosary University. As never before, women in the factories existed in a new and different sphere: In social/sexual terms, factory space was different from both home and street.. The role of women in politics appears to be a prevailing problem in Colombia. Virginia Nicholson. Buy from bookshop.org (affiliate link) Juliet Gardiner is a historian and broadcaster and a former editor of History Today. Many men were getting degrees and found jobs that paid higher because of the higher education they received. One individual woman does earn a special place in Colombias labor historiography: Mara Cano, the Socialist Revolutionary Partys most celebrated public speaker. Born to an upper class family, she developed a concern for the plight of the working poor. She then became a symbol of insurgent labor, a speaker capable of electrifying the crowds of workers who flocked to hear her passionate rhetoric. She only gets two-thirds of a paragraph and a footnote with a source, should you have an interest in reading more about her. Press Esc to cancel. Saether, Steiner. Sibling Rivalry on the Left and Labor Struggles in Colombia During. According to this decision, women may obtain an abortion up until the sixth month of pregnancy for any reason. The book then turns into a bunch of number-crunching and charts, and the conclusions are predictable: the more education the person has the better the job she is likely to get, a woman is more likely to work if she is single, and so on. Women's right to suffrage was granted by Colombian dictator Gustavo Rojas Pinilla in 1954, but had its origins in the 1930s with the struggle of women to acquire full citizenship. This idea then is a challenge to the falsely dichotomized categories with which we have traditionally understood working class life such as masculine/feminine, home/work, east/west, or public/private. As Farnsworth-Alvear, Friedmann-Sanchez, and Duncans work shows, gender also opens a window to understanding womens and mens positions within Colombian society. In 1957 women first voted in Colombia on a plebiscite. Sowell attempts to bring other elements into his work by pointing out that the growth of economic dependency on coffee in Colombia did not affect labor evenly in all geographic areas of the country., Bogot was still favorable to artisans and industry. There is still a lot of space for future researchliterallyas even the best sources presented here tended to focus on one particular geographic area. In La Chamba, as in Rquira, there are few choices for young women. In spite of this monolithic approach, women and children, often from the families of permanent hacienda workers, joinedin the coffee harvest. In other words, they were not considered a permanent part of the coffee labor force, although an editorial from 1933 stated that the coffee industry in Colombia provided adequate and almost permanent work to women and children. There were women who participated directly in the coffee industry as the sorters and graders of coffee beans (escogedoras) in the husking plants called trilladoras.. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1969. Some texts published in the 1980s (such as those by Dawn Keremitsis and Terry Jean Rosenberg) appear to have been ahead of their time, and, along with Tomn, could be considered pioneering work in feminist labor history in Colombia. Friedmann-Sanchezs work then suggests this more accurate depiction of the workforce also reflects one that will continue to affect change into the future. While pottery provides some income, it is not highly profitable. Variations or dissention among the ranks are never considered. He looks at a different region and that is part of the explanation for this difference in focus. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992. Green, W. John. (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1997), 298. In the 1950s, women felt tremendous societal pressure to focus their aspirations on a wedding ring. Explaining Confederation: Colombian Unions in the 1980s. Latin American Research Review 25.2 (1990): 115-133. From Miss . Saether, Steiner. Sowell, David. Both Urrutia and Bergquist are guilty of simplifying their subjects into generic categories. A 1989 book by sociologists Junsay and Heaton is a comparative study between distinct countries, with Colombia chosen to represent Latin America. The Early Colombian Labor Movement: Artisans and Politics in Bogota, 1832-1919. On December 10, 1934 the Congress of Colombia presented a law to give women the right to study. In the 1940s, gender roles were very clearly defined. Yo recibo mi depsito cada quincena.. Drawing from her evidence, she makes two arguments: that changing understandings of femininity and masculinity shaped the way allactors understood the industrial workplace and that working women in Medelln lived gender not as an opposition between male and female but rather as a normative field marked by proper and improper ways of being female. The use of gender makes the understanding of historio-cultural change in Medelln in relation to industrialization in the early twentieth century relevant to men as well as women. Sibling Rivalry on the Left and Labor Struggles in Colombia During the 1940s. Latin American Research Review 35.1 (Winter 2000): 85-117. Women are included, yet the descriptions of their participation are merely factoids, with no analysis of their influence in a significant cultural or social manner. The Development of the Colombian Labor Movement. This is essentially the same argument that Bergquist made about the family coffee farm. She finds women often leave work, even if only temporarily, because the majority of caregiving one type of unpaid domestic labor still falls to women: Women have adapted to the rigidity in the gendered social norms of who provides care by leaving their jobs in the floriculture industry temporarily. Caregiving labor involves not only childcare, especially for infants and young children, but also pressures to supervise adolescent children who are susceptible to involvement in drugs and gangs, as well as caring for ill or aging family. Keremetsiss 1984 article inserts women into already existing categories occupied by men., The article discusses the division of labor by sex in textile mills of Colombia and Mexico, though it presents statistics more than anything else. This distinction separates the work of Farnsworth-Alvear from that of Duncan, Bergquist, or Sowell. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992. R. Barranquilla: Dos Tendencias en el Movimiento Obrero, 1900-1950. Memoria y Sociedad (January 2001): 121-128. While he spends most of the time on the economic and political aspects, he uses these to emphasize the blending of indigenous forms with those of the Spanish. Dulcinea in the Factory: Myths, Morals, Men, and Women in Colombias. The ideal nuclear family turned inward, hoping to make their home front safe, even if the world was not. family is considered destructive of its harmony and unity, and will be sanctioned according to law. The supposed homogeneity within Colombian coffee society should be all the more reason to look for other differentiating factors such as gender, age, geography, or industry, and the close attention he speaks of should then include the lives of women and children within this structure, especially the details of their participation and indoctrination. Greens article is pure politics, with the generic mobs of workers differentiated only by their respective leaders and party affiliations. French, John D. and Daniel James. Women make up 60% of the workers, earning equal wages and gaining a sense of self and empowerment through this employment. R. Barranquilla: Dos Tendencias en el Movimiento Obrero, 1900-1950. Memoria y Sociedad (January 2001): 121-128. According to the United Nations Development Program's Gender Inequality Index, Colombia ranks 91 out of 186 countries in gender equity, which puts it below the Latin American and Caribbean regional average and below countries like Oman, Libya, Bahrain, and Myanmar. For Farnsworth-Alvear, different women were able to create their own solutions for the problems and challenges they faced unlike the women in Duncans book, whose fates were determined by their position within the structure of the system. Of all the texts I read for this essay, Farnsworth-Alvears were the most enjoyable. Crdenas, Mauricio and Carlos E. Jurez. What was the role of the workers in the trilladoras? Sofer, Eugene F. Recent Trends in Latin American Labor Historiography. Latin American Research Review 15 (1980): 167-176. A higher number of women lost their income as the gender unemployment gap doubled from 5% to 10%. As leader of the group, Georgina Fletcher was persecuted and isolated. The Ceramics of Rquira, Colombia: Gender, Work, and Economic Change,1. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2000. , edited by John D. French and Daniel James. In spite of a promising first chapter, Sowells analysis focuses on organization and politics, on men or workers in the generic, and in the end is not all that different from Urrutias work. This focus is something that Urrutia did not do and something that Farnsworth-Alvear discusses at length. Yo recibo mi depsito cada quincena. This roughly translates to, so what if it bothers anyone? Farnsworths subjects are part of an event of history, the industrialization of Colombia, but their histories are oral testimonies to the experience. Sibling Rivalry on the Left and Labor Struggles in Colombia During the 1940s. Latin American Research Review 35.1 (Winter 2000): 85-117. Duncan, Ronald J.Crafts, Capitalism, and Women: The Potters of La Chamba, Colombia. He cites the small number of Spanish women who came to the colonies and the number and influence of indigenous wives and mistresses as the reason Colombias biologically mestizo society was largely indigenous culturally. This definition is an obvious contradiction to Bergquists claim that Colombia is racially and culturally homogenous. According to French and James, what Farnsworths work suggests for historians will require the use of different kinds of sources, tools, and questions. Most of the women who do work are related to the man who owns the shop., Womens work supports the mans, but is undervalued and often discounted. As Charles Bergquist pointed out in 1993,gender has emerged as a tool for understanding history from a multiplicity of perspectives and that the inclusion of women resurrects a multitude of subjects previously ignored. Women are included, yet the descriptions of their participation are merely factoids, with no analysis of their influence in a significant cultural or social manner. [11] Marital rape was criminalized in 1996. Leia Gender and Early Television Mapping Women's Role in Emerging US and British Media, 1850-1950 de Sarah Arnold disponvel na Rakuten Kobo. Throughout the colonial era, the 19th century and the establishment of the republican era, Colombian women were relegated to be housewives in a male dominated society. Squaring the Circle: Womens Factory Labor, History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth. While some research has been done within sociology and anthropology, historical research can contribute, too, by showing patterns over time rather than snapshots., It is difficult to know where to draw a line in the timeline of Colombian history. By the middle of the sixteenth century, the Spaniards had established a major foothold in the Americas. This book is more science than history, and I imagine that the transcripts from the interviews tell some fascinating stories; those who did the interviews might have written a different book than the one we have from those who analyzed the numbers. Latin American Feminism. For purely normative reasons, I wanted to look at child labor in particular for this essay, but it soon became clear that the number of sources was abysmally small. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth. Assets in Intrahousehold Bargaining Among Women Workers in Colombias Cut-flower Industry, Feminist Economics, 12:1-2 (2006): 247-269. andPaid Agroindustrial Work and Unpaid Caregiving for Dependents: The Gendered Dialectics between Structure and Agency in Colombia, Anthropology of Work Review, 33:1 (2012): 34-46. At the same time, women still feel the pressures of their domestic roles, and unpaid caregiving labor in the home is a reason many do not remain employed on the flower farms for more than a few years at a time., According to Freidmann-Sanchez, when women take on paid work, they experience an elevation in status and feeling of self-worth. Fighting was not only a transgression of work rules, but gender boundaries separat[ed] anger, strength, and self-defense from images of femininity., Most women told their stories in a double voice,. Duncan thoroughly discusses Colombias history from the colonial era to the present. This poverty is often the reason young women leave to pursue other paths, erod[ing] the future of the craft., The work of economic anthropologist Greta Friedmann-Sanchez reveals that women in Colombias floriculture industry are pushing the boundaries of sex roles even further than those in the factory setting. The Development of the Colombian Labor Movement, 81, 97, 101. They explore various gender-based theories on changing numbers of women participating in the workforce that, while drawn from specific urban case studies, could also apply to rural phenomena. Tudor 1973) were among the first to link women's roles to negative psycho-logical outcomes. Arango, Luz G. Mujer, Religin, e Industria: Fabricato, 1923-1982. Womens role in organized labor is limited though the National Coffee Strikes of the 1930s, which involved a broad range of workers including the escogedoras. In 1935, activists for both the Communist Party and the UNIR (Unin Nacional Izquierda Revolucionaria) led strikes. The efforts of the Communist Party that year were to concentrate primarily on organizing the female work force in the coffee trilladoras, where about 85% of the workforce consisted of escogedoras. Yet the women working in the coffee towns were not the same women as those in the growing areas. It is not just an experience that defines who one is, but what one does with that experience. Assets in Intrahousehold Bargaining Among Women Workers in Colombias Cut-flower Industry, Feminist Economics, 12:1-2 (2006): 247-269. Cohen, Paul A. A reorientation in the approach to Colombian history may, in fact, help illuminate the proclivity towards drugs and violence in Colombian history in a different and possibly clearer fashion. The Development of the Colombian Labor Movement. They were interesting and engaging compared to the dry texts like Urrutias, which were full of names, dates, and acronyms that meant little to me once I closed the cover.
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